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Their overactivation results in accumulation in inflammatory areas, where they generate ROS, activate proteases of soluble proteins, induce innate and adaptive immune responses, release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), mediate gene expression and cell signaling, cellular metabolism, ultimately precipitating local tissue damage ( 2 , H2O2, and HO compared to normal individuals ( 3.2 Macrophages In a hypoxic environment, the activation of HIF-1 specifically promotes glycolysis in monocytes and macrophages, thereby enhancing their antigen presentation capabilities and secretion of inflammatory factors ( 3.3 Dendritic cells Research has found that in the hypoxic microenvironment, HIF-1 can directly bind to long non-coding ribonucleic acid Dpf3 (LncRNA Dpf3) or p38 MAPK, subsequently inhibiting the glycolytic metabolism and migratory potential of dendritic cells ( 3.4 Natural killer cells Furthermore, research has revealed that under hypoxic conditions, IL-15 activates the STAT3 signaling pathway, while IL-2 stimulates the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway, thereby maintaining HIF-1 stability and enhancing the innate immune defenses of natural killer cells against microbial infections and cancer ( 3.5 B cells In the hypoxic microenvironment, HIF-1 can regulate B cell development, differentiation, maturation, and antibody secretion ( 3.6 T cells Under hypoxic conditions, the T cell receptor (TCR) engages with HIF-1, thereby activating HIF-responsive genes

Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)